!% Fields: english/=/lojban * wall, x1 is a wall/fence separating x2 and x3 (unordered) of/in structure x4 /:/ /=/ bitmu (bim bi'u) * glass (material), x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains glass of composition including x2 /:/ /=/ blaci * window, x1 is a window/portal/opening [portal] in wall/building/structure x2 /:/ /=/ canko (ca'o) * roof, x1 is a roof/top/ceiling/lid of x2 /:/ over/above something and shelters it from other things /=/ drudi (rud dru) * table, x1 is a table/flat solid upper surface of material x2, supported by legs/base/pedestal x3 /:/ /=/ jubme (jub jbu) * floor (level of a building), x1 is a floor/bottom/ground of x2 /:/ [floor/level/story of a building/edifice (= setloi, dijysenta)] /=/ loldi (lol loi) * seat (furniture), x1 is a chair/stool/seat/bench, a piece or portion of a piece of furniture intended for sitting /:/ /=/ stizu (tiz) * door, x1 is a doorway/gateway/access way between x2 and x3 of structure x4 /:/ [note: emphasis on route nature; solid door (= vrogai/vrobi'u/vrozu'itci)] /=/ vorme (vor vro) * closed (not open), x1 (portal/passage/entrance-way) is closed/shut/not open, preventing passage/access to x2 by x3 /:/ [as a doorway, but also perhaps a semi-permeable membrane] /=/ ganlo (ga'o) * open (of a passage), x1 (portal/passage/entrance-way) is open/ajar/not shut permitting passage/access to x2 by x3 /:/ [as a doorway] /=/ kalri (kar) * runs (moves quickly on foot), x1 runs on surface x2 using limbs x3 with gait x4 /:/ /=/ bajra (baj) * walk, x1 walk-s/strides/paces on surface x2 using limbs x3 /:/ /=/ cadzu (dzu) * shoves, x1 [agent] shoves/pushes x2 at locus x3 /:/ [move by pushing/shoving (= ca'ermuvgau)] /=/ catke (ca'e) * awake, (adjective:) x1 is awake/alert/conscious /:/ /=/ cikna (cik) * write, x1 inscribes/write-s x2 on display/storage medium x3 with write-ing implement x4; x1 is a scribe /:/ [also x3 write-ing surface] /=/ ciska (ci'a) * laugh, x1 laugh-s (emotional expression) /:/ [x1 laugh-s at x2 (= mi'afra)] /=/ cmila (mi'a) * lie (lie upon), x1 lie-s upon/atop/on [the upper surface of] x2 in frame of reference/gravity x3 /:/ (x1 may be object or event) /=/ cpana * resposes on, x1 lies/rests/reclines/reposes on x2; x1 is reclining/recumbent/lying on x2 /:/ /=/ vreta (vre) * falls, x1 falls/drops to x2 from x3 in gravity well/frame of reference x4 /:/ [note: things can fall in spin, thrust, or tide as well as gravity; (agentive "drop" = one of two lujvo: falcru and falri'a)] /=/ farlu (fal fa'u) * works, x1 [person] labors/works on/at x2 [activity] with goal/objective x3 /:/ [also: x1 is a worker/laborer] /=/ gunka (gun gu'a) * workplace, x1 is an office/bureau/workplace of worker x2 at location x3 /:/ /=/ briju (bij) * grasp, x1 grasp-s/holds/clutches/seizes/grips/[hugs] x2 with x3 (part of x1) at locus x4 (part of x2) /:/ [hug (= birjai, pamjai); embrace (= xadjai); handshake (= xanjai, jikyxanjai), handle (= veljai, veljaitci)] /=/ jgari (jai) * attends (pays attention), x1 is attentive towards/attends/tends/pays attention to object/affair x2 /:/ /=/ jundi (jud ju'i) * think, x1 think-s/considers/cogitates/reasons/is pensive about/reflects upon subject/concept x2 /:/ [also: x1 is thoughtful (one sense); x2 is mental (one sense)/intellectual (one sense) (= selpei)] /=/ pensi (pes pei) * stands, x1 stands [is vertically oriented] on surface x2 supported by limbs/support/pedestal x3 /:/ [x1 is standing; x1 stands up; x1 is erect/vertical/upright; x1 bows/bends over (= krosa'i, krosa'ibi'o, plosa'i); frame of reference is (approximate) perpendicularity to the surface, and not to a gravity field] /=/ sanli (sa'i) * sleeps, x1 is asleep (adjective); x1 sleeps/is sleeping /:/ /=/ sipna (sip) * surprise, x1 (event/action abstract) surprise-s/startles/is unexpected [and generally sudden] to x2 /:/ [also expectation (= nalspaji), alarm (= te'arspaji)] /=/ spaji (paj) * sit, x1 sit-s [assumes sit-ting position] on surface x2 /:/ /=/ zutse (zut tse) * bottle, x1 is a bottle/jar/urn/flask/closable container for x2, made of material x3 with lid x4 /:/ /=/ botpi (bot bo'i) * wedge, x1 is a wedge [shape/form/tool] of material x2 /:/ /=/ cfine * book (container of a copy of a work, possibly multiple volumes), x1 is a book containing work x2 by author x3 for audience x4 preserved in medium x5 /:/ [x1 is a manifestation/container [a physical object or its analogue] of a work/content, not necessarily using paper (= selpapri)] /:/ /=/ cukta (cku) * page (physical leaf of book), x1 is a [physical] page/leaf of book/document/bound mass of pages x2 /:/ [numbered pages (as in a book) are the sides of a page (= paprysfe, paprysfelai); a pageful of text (= papryseltcidu, paprytcidylai)] /=/ papri * light (illumination), x1 [energy] is light/illumination illuminating x2 from light source x3 /:/ [x3 illuminates/lights x2 with light/illumination x1; x2 is lit/illuminated by illumination x1 from source x3 (= selgu'i for reordered places); light/lamp (= tergu'i)] /=/ gusni (gus gu'i) * shelf (counter/bar), x1 is a shelf/counter/bar in/on/attached to supporting object x2, for purpose x3 /:/ /=/ kajna * cushion, x1 cushion-s x2 with material x3; x1 is a cushion/pillow/pad [for x2] of padding material x3 /:/ /=/ kicne (kic ki'e) * room, x1 is a room of/in structure x2 surrounded by partitions/walls/ceiling/floor x3 (mass/jo'u) /:/ /=/ kumfa (kum ku'a) * curtain, x1 is a curtain/blinds/drapes for covering/obscuring aperture x2, and made of material x3 /:/ /=/ murta (mur mu'a) * pen, x1 is a pen using ink x2 applied by process x3 /:/ /=/ penbi (peb) * pencil, x1 is a pencil/crayon/stylus applying lead/marking material x2, frame/support [of material] x3 /:/ [also writing brush; x1 stimulates substrate medium x2 to display marks; explicitly denoting a standard lead pencil (= tabypinsi)] /=/ pinsi (pis) * urine, x1 is a/the urine/piss/pee of x2 /:/ /=/ pinca * sofa, x1 is a sofa/couch [noun] /:/ /=/ sfofa (sfo) * pedestal (base/stand), x1 is a pedestal/base/stand/pallet supporting x2 (object/event), of materials/properties x3 /:/ [pallet (= lafyzbe)] /=/ zbepi (zbe) * nest (lair), x1 is a nest/house/lair/den/[home] of/for x2 /:/ [home (= tercnizda), house (constructed building) (= zdadi'u)] /=/ zdani (zda) * bed, x1 is a bed/pallet of material x2 for holding/supporting x3 (person/object/event) /:/ /=/ ckana (cka) * dangles, x1 hangs/dangles/is suspended from x2 by/at/with joint x3 /:/ [pendant (= dadja'i); also dependent (original meaning)] /=/ dandu (dad) * building (edifice), x1 is a building/edifice for purpose x2 /:/ /=/ dinju (dij di'u) * cover (lid), x1 is a cover/[lid/top] for covering/concealing/sheltering x2 /:/ /=/ gacri (gai) * mirrors, x1 reflects/mirrors/echoes x2 [object/radiation] to observer/point x3 as x4; x2 bounces on x1 /:/ [also: x1 is a mirror/reflector]; [x2 may be light, lu'e of an imaged object; x4 may be image or echo or the same as x2 if physical object; x3 may be a path for a bounced object; ka is reflection] /=/ minra (mir) * picture (illustration), x1 is a picture/illustration representing/showing x2, made by artist x3 in medium x4 /:/ [also (adjective:) x1 is pictorial/illustrative; drawing (= xraselci'a), x1 draws x2 (= xraci'a/pirci'a), image (= xratai), photo (= kacmyxra), take a photo (= kacmyterxra, kacmyxragau, kacmyxrazu'e); sculpture, relief (= blixra)] /=/ pixra (pir xra) * surface, x1 is surface/face [bounded shape/form] of [higher-dimension] object x2, on side x3, edges x4 /:/ [also x4 bounds] /=/ sefta (sfe) * box, x1 is a box/carton/trunk/crate for contents x2, and made of material x3 /:/ /=/ tanxe (tax ta'e) * broadcasts, x1 broadcasts/transmits [using radio waves] x2 via station/frequency x3 to [radio] receiver x4 /:/ /=/ cradi * televises (broadcasts), x1 [broadcaster] televises programming x2 via medium/channel x3 to television receiver x4 /:/ [x2 programming (mass), program/show (individual)] /=/ tivni (tiv) * key, x1 is a key fitting/releasing/opening/unlocking lock x2, and having relevant properties x3 /:/ [also x2 fastener, mechanism; code key (= termifckiku, ckitermifra); x3 is dependent on the type of key, but are those form properties of the key that enable it to serve the function of opening the lock - in the case of a metal key to a padlock, for example, this would be the shaft and teeth] /=/ ckiku (kik) * lock, x1 is a lock/seal of/on/for sealing x2 with/by locking mechanism x3 /:/ /=/ stela (tel) * telephone, x1 is a telephone transceiver/modem attached to system/network x2 /:/ /=/ fonxa (fon) * bell, x1 is a bell/chime/[tuning fork] [tuned percussion instrument] producing sound/note x2 /:/ [also: x1 rings/tolls (i.e. if it rings, then it is a bell); resonates (one sense, = jabdesku)] /=/ janbe (jab) * sound (vibratory wave phenomenon), x1 is sound produced/emitted by x2 /:/ [x2 sounds (intransitive verb)] /=/ sance (sna) * sound (voice/speech sound), x1 is a voice/speech sound of individual x2 /:/ /=/ voksa (vok vo'a) * looks at, x1 looks at at/examines/views/inspects/regards/watches/gazes at x2 /:/ [also look through (= grecta, ravycta, bacycta); note that English "look" often means a more generic "observe"] /=/ catlu (cta) * show, x1 (agent) show-s/exhibits/displays/[reveals]/demonstrates x2 (property) to audience x3 /:/ [reveal (= tolmipygau, mipyja'o, sivja'o); also: x1 show-s that x2, x1 show-s off x2; show-ing an object is generally expressed with a tu'a x2, since the properties of the show-n object (other than its presence) intended for observation are seldom specified (simple presence could be expressed by leka [object] cu zvati)] /=/ jarco (ja'o) * computer, x1 is a computer for purpose x2 /:/ /=/ skami (sam) * video monitor, x1 is a video moniotr/CRT/screen [machine] serving function x2 /:/ /=/ vidni * boy, x1 is a boy/lad [young male person] of age x2 immature by standard x3 /:/ [word dispreferred in metaphor/example as sexist; (use verba)] /=/ nanla * man, x1 is a man/men; x1 is a male humanoid person [not necessarily adult] /:/ [word dispreferred in metaphor/example as sexist; (use remna or prenu)] /=/ nanmu (nau) * woman, x1 is a woman/women; x1 is a female humanoid person [not necessarily adult] /:/ [word dispreferred in metaphor/example as sexist; (use remna or prenu)] /=/ ninmu (nim ni'u) * girl, x1 is a girl [young female person] of age x2 immature by standard x3 /:/ [word dispreferred in metaphor/example as sexist; (use verba)] /=/ nixli (nix xli) * person, x1 is a person/people (noun) [not necessarily human]; x1 displays personality/a persona /:/ /=/ prenu (pre) * human, x1 is a human/human being/man (non-specific gender-free sense); (adjective:) x1 is human /:/ /=/ remna (rem re'a) * dog, x1 is a dog/canine/[bitch] of species/breed x2 /:/ /=/ gerku (ger ge'u) * chase, x1 chase-s/pursues/(physically) follows after x2; volition is not implied for x1 or x2 /:/ [x1 follows after x2] /=/ jersi (je'i) * play (with toy/game), x1 [agent] play-s with plaything/toy x2 /:/ [play game (= ci'erkei), play competitively (= jvikei)] /=/ kelci (kel kei) * cat, x1 is a cat/[puss/pussy/kitten] [feline animal] of species/breed x2; (adjective:) x1 is feline /:/ /=/ mlatu (lat) * leap, x1 (agent/object) leap-s/jumps/springs/bounds to x2 from x3 reaching height x4 propelled by x5 /:/ [place structure parallels klama; hence x4 may be a route-like expression] /=/ plipe (pip pi'e) * dim, x1 is dim/dull/pale/non-intense in property x2 (ka) as received/measured by observer x3 /:/ [in colors, indicates unsaturated, pastel, pale (though blabi can also indicate a kind of paleness)] /=/ kandi (kad) * color (perceived color), x2 of: x1 is/appears to be of color/hue x2 as perceived/seen by x3 under conditions x4 /:/ [conditions may include lighting, background, etc.] /=/ skari (ska) * black, x1 is black/extremely dark-colored [color adjective] /:/ /=/ xekri (xek xe'i) * white, x1 is white/very-light colored [color adjective] /:/ [pale forms of other colors are a compound of white; e.g. pink (= labyxu'e, xunblabi) (whereas kandi is used for pale = dimness, lack of intensity)] /=/ blabi (lab) * dark (unilluminated), x1 is dark/lacking in illumination /:/ /=/ manku (man) * shadow, x1 is a shadow/the shade of object x2, made by light/energy source x3 /:/ /=/ ctino (ti'o) * intense (saturated/bright), x1 is intense/bright/saturated/brilliant in property (ka) x2 as received/measured by observer x3 /:/ [also lustrous, gleaming, sparkling, shining (all probably better metaphorically combined with gusni: gusycai or camgu'i); in colors, refers principally to increased saturation (with opposite kandi)] /=/ carmi (cam cai) * brown, x1 is brown/tan [color adjective] /:/ /=/ bunre (bur bu'e) * red, x1 is red/crimson/ruddy [color adjective] /:/ /=/ xunre (xun xu'e) * orange, x1 is orange [color adjective] /:/ /=/ narju (naj) * yellow, x1 is yellow/golden [color adjective] /:/ /=/ pelxu (pel) * green, x1 is green/verdant [color adjective] /:/ /=/ crino (ri'o) * blue, x1 is blue [color adjective] /:/ /=/ blanu (bla) * ice, x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains ice [frozen crystal] of composition/material x2 /:/ [composition including x2, which need not be a complete composition] /=/ bisli (bis) * breeze, x1 is a breeze/wind/gale from direction x2 with speed x3; x1 blows from x2 /:/ /=/ brife (bif bi'e) * fog, x1 is foggy/misty/covered by a fog/mist/vapor of liquid x2 /:/ /=/ bumru (bum) * hail, x1 is hail/sleet/freezing rain/solid precipitation of material/composition including x2 /:/ [this is the substance, not the act or manner of its falling, which is carvi] /=/ bratu * rain, x1 rains/showers/[precipitates] to x2 from x3; x1 is precipitation [not limited to 'rain'] /:/ /=/ carvi (cav) * moist (damp), x1 is moist/wet/damp with liquid x2 /:/ /=/ cilmo (cim) * season (cyclical interval, usually annual), x1 is a season/is seasonal [cyclical interval], defined by interval/property x2, of year(s) x3 /:/ [also anniversary (= citsydei, na'arcitsydei), jubilee (= mumnoncitsi); the period of time may be short or long as indicated by x2, and may occur every year or every nth year as indicated by x3 (default every year); (x2 and/or x3 may need metaphorical restriction: djecitsi, pavdeicitsi; also equinox, solstice, time of year] /=/ citsi * autumn, x1 is autumn/fall [harvest/cooling season] of year x2 at location x3 /:/ /=/ critu * spring (season), x1 is spring/springtime [warming season] of year x2 at location x3; (adjective:) x1 is vernal /:/ /=/ vensa (ves) * summer, x1 is summer/summertime [hot season] of year x2 at location x3 /:/ /=/ crisa (cis) * winter, x1 is winter/wintertime [cold season] of year x2 at location x3 /:/ /=/ dunra (dur) * smoke, x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of smoke/smog/air pollution from source x2 /:/ [x2 may be a fire] /=/ danmo (dam) * cloud, x1 is a cloud of material x2 in air mass x3 at floor/base elevation x4 /:/ /=/ dilnu (dil) * drop, x1 is a drop [small, cohesive shape] of material [liquid/vapor] x2 in surrounding material x3 /:/ /=/ dirgo (dig) * water (aqueous), x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity/expanse of water; (adjective:) x1 is aqueous/[aquatic] /:/ [aquatic (= jaupli)] /=/ djacu (jac jau) * lightning, x1 is lightning/electrical arc/thunderbolt striking at/extending to x2 from x3 /:/ [also thunder (= lidysna)] /=/ lindi (lid) * weather, x1 is weather at place/region x2; (adjective:) x1 is meteorological /:/ [climate (= citsyti'a, timymo'a)] /=/ tcima (tim ti'a) * sky, x1 is an expanse of sky/the heavens at place x2; [celestial] /:/ /=/ tsani (tan) * snow, x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity/expanse of snow /:/ /=/ snime (si'e) * air, x1 is a quantity of air/normally-gaseous atmosphere of planet x2, of composition including x3 /:/ /=/ vacri (var) * measures, x1 (agent) measure-s/evaluates x2 [quantity] as x3 units on scale x4 (si'o), with accuracy x5 /:/ /=/ merli (mre) * hot, x1 is hot/[warm] by standard x2 /:/ [warm (= mligla), feverish (= bi'agla)] /=/ glare (gla) * cold, x1 is cold/cool by standard x2 /:/ /=/ lenku (lek) * freezes, x1 freeze-s/jells/solidifies at temperature x2 and pressure x3 /:/ /=/ dunja (duj) * burn, x1 burn-s/[ignites/is flammable/inflammable] at temperature x2 in atmosphere x3 /:/ [default x2/x3 to normal temperatures in air; ignite (= jelcfa), flammable/inflammable (usually = jelka'e or jelfrili)] /=/ jelca (jel) * dew, x1 condenses/liquefies on/into x2 at temperature x3, pressure x4; x1 is dew/condensate on x2 /:/ /=/ lunsa (lus) * melts, x1 melts [becomes liquid from solid state] at temperature x2 and pressure x3 /:/ [x1 runs (= rumfle)] /=/ runme (rum) * kelvin, x1 is x2 kelvin-s/degree(s) Kelvin [metric unit] in temperature (default is 1) by standard x3 /:/ /=/ kelvo (ke'o) * unit (degree on scale), x1 [magnitude] is a unit/degree of/on scale/reference standard x2 (si'o) measuring property x3 /:/ [also grade, level, point; x3 dimension] /=/ gradu (rau) * farm, x1 is a farm/ranch at x2, farmed by x3, raising/producing x4; (adjective:) x1 is agrarian /:/ [also grange; farming is any organized agrarian activity, not limited to plant crops] /=/ cange (cag) * bird, x1 is a bird/avian/fowl of species x2 /:/ /=/ cipni (cpi) * mountain, x1 is a mountain/hill/mound/[rise]/[peak]/[summit]/[highlands] projecting from land/mass x2 /:/ /=/ cmana (ma'a) * island, x1 is an island/atoll/key of [material/properties] x2 in surroundings/body x3; x1 is insular /:/ /=/ daplu (plu) * well (spring), x1 is a well/spring of fluid x2 at location x3 /:/ /=/ jinto * small (relatively small), x1 is small in property/dimension(s) x2 (ka) as compared with standard/norm x3 /:/ /=/ cmalu (cma) * lake, x1 is a lake/lagoon/pool at site/within land mass x2 /:/ /=/ lalxu (la'u) * river (geographical feature), x1 is a river of landmass x2, draining watershed x3 into x4/terminating at x4 /:/ /=/ rirxe (ri'e) * street, x1 is a street/avenue/lane/drive/cul-de-sac/way/alley/[road] at x2 accessing x3 /:/ [also corridor; not typically a route between points, but offers access to sites along it] /=/ klaji (laj) * road, x1 is a road/highway to x2 from x3 with route x4 (x2/x3 may be unordered) /:/ [a regularly used, improved-for-use surface for travelling] /=/ dargu (dag) * suburb, x1 is a suburb-an area of city/metropolis x2 /:/ /=/ jarbu * tar, x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of tar/asphalt from source x2 /:/ /=/ tarla * city, x1 is a town/city of metropolitan area x2, in political unit x3, serving hinterland/region x4 /:/ [also (adjective:) x1 is urban] /=/ tcadu (tca) * captain (ultimate leader/commander), x1 is captain/commander/leader/in-charge of vehicle/domain x2 /:/ /=/ jatna (ja'a) * weight (weight in field), x1 is the weight of object x2 in [gravitational or other force] field x3 /:/ /=/ junta * fuel (energy source), x1 is a fuel/energy-source for powering x2 /:/ /=/ livla (lil) * motor, x1 is a motor/engine, driving/propelling/providing power to x2 /:/ /=/ matra * motor vehicle, x1 is a car/automobile/truck/van [a wheeled motor vehicle] for carrying x2, propelled by x3 /:/ /=/ karce * sail, x3 of: x1 is a sail for gathering propelling material x2 on vehicle/motor x3 /:/ [waterwheel (= jacfanxi'u)] /=/ falnu (fan) * wing, x1 is a/the wing [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: lateral supporting surface] /:/ /=/ nalci (na'i) * cabin, x1 is a cabin of vehicle x2 /:/ /=/ sabnu * airplane, x1 is an airplane/aircraft [flying vehicle] for carrying passengers/cargo x2, propelled by x3 /:/ /=/ vinji (vij) * flies, x1 flies [in air/atmosphere] using lifting/propulsion means x2 /:/ /=/ vofli (vol voi) * travels, x1 travel-s/journeys/goes/moves via route x2 using means/vehicle x3; x1 is a travel-ler /:/ (x2 as a set includes points at least sufficient to constrain the route relevantly) /=/ litru (li'u) * vehicle (mode of transport), x1 is a vehicle/mode of transport carrying x2 in/on surface/medium x3, propelled by x4 /:/ /=/ marce (ma'e) * steps (stairs), x1 are stairs/stairway/steps for climbing structure x2 with steps x3 /:/ /=/ serti (ser) * steps (treads on), x1 steps/treads on/in surface x2 using limbs x3 /:/ /=/ stapa (tap) * station (node in system/network), x1 is a station/node of/in/on transport/communication/distribution system/network x2 /:/ [x2 may be represented by massed vehicles of system] /=/ tcana * train (vehicle), x1 is a train [vehicle] of cars/units x2 (mass) for rails/system/railroad x3, propelled by x4 /:/ [a railed vehicle or train of vehicles; also subway (= tu'unre'e), metro, trolley, tramway (= lajre'e), roller coaster; monorail (= dadre'e); cable car, sky car, ski lift (= cildadre'e)] /=/ trene (ren re'e) * wheel, x1 is a wheel [tool] of device/vehicle x2, made of materials/having properties x3 /:/ /=/ xislu (xil xi'u) * moss, x1 is a moss/lichen of species/strain x2 growing on x3 /:/ /=/ clika * stalk, x1 is a/the stalk/stem/trunk [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: main support] /:/ /=/ stani * tree (general plant term), x1 is a tree of species/cultivar x2 /:/ /=/ tricu (ric) * branch (bough/limb), x1 is a branch/bough/limb of x2; x2 forks into branches x1; [preferred over metaphorical birka] /:/ [also appendage] /=/ jimca (jic) * wood, x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains wood/lumber from tree(s) of type/species x2 /:/ /=/ mudri (mud) * field (broad uniform expanse), x1 is a field [shape/form] of material x2; x1 is a broad uniform expanse of x2 /:/ [also woods (= ricfoi), lawn/meadow (= sasfoi), brush (= spafoi, cicyspafoi)] /=/ foldi (flo foi) * grass, x1 is a blade/expanse of grass of species x2 /:/ [lawn/meadow (= sasfoi)] /=/ srasu (sas) * plant (general term: herb/greenery), x1 is a plant/herb/greenery of species/strain/cultivar x2 /:/ [also (adjective:) x1 is vegetable/vegetal/vegetative] /=/ spati (spa) * flower, x1 is a/the flower/blossom/bloom [body-part] of plant/species x2; (adjective:) x1 is floral /:/ /=/ xrula (rul) * leaf (leaf of plant), x1 is a leaf of plant x2; x1 is foliage of x2 /:/ /=/ pezli (pez) * root (body part), x1 is a root [body-part] of plant/species x2; [metaphor: immobile, supporting, nourishing] /:/ /=/ genja (gej) * insect (arthropod), x1 is an insect/arthropod of species x2; [bug/beetle] /:/ /=/ cinki * insect (non-stinging flying insect), x1 is a fly [a small non-stinging flying insect] of species/breed x2 /:/ /=/ sfani * dirt (soil), x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of dirt/soil/earth/ground from source x2 of composition x3 /:/ [also: x1 is earthen; x3: composition including x3, which need not be exhaustive of composition] /=/ dertu (der de'u) * rock, x1 is a quantity of/is made of/contains rock/stone of type/composition x2 from location x3 /:/ [x2: composition including x2, which need not be complete specification] /=/ rokci (rok ro'i) * bucket, x1 is a bucket/pail/can/deep, solid, wide-topped container of contents x2, made of material x3 /:/ /=/ baktu * shovel, x1 is a shovel/spade [bladed digging implement] for digging x2 /:/ /=/ canpa (cna) * eat, x1 eat-s/ingests/consumes (transitive verb) x2 /:/ /=/ citka (cti) * knife, x1 is a knife (tool) for cutting x2, with blade of material x3 /:/ /=/ dakfu (dak) * fork, x1 is a fork/fork-type tool/utensil for purpose x2 with tines/prongs x3 on base/support x4 /:/ /=/ forca (fro) * stir, x1 (object, or event: force) stir-s/mixes/[roils/agitates] fluid (gas/liquid) x2 /:/ [convection (= nenflejicla); agentive stir-ring (= jiclygau, jiclyzu'e)] /=/ jicla * cook, x1 cooks/prepares food-for-eating x2 by recipe/method x3 (process) /:/ [cook with heat (= glajukpa), bake (= tokyjukpa); fry (= rasyjukpa)] /=/ jukpa (jup) * cup, x1 is a cup/glass/tumbler/mug/vessel/[bowl] containing contents x2, and of material x3 /:/ [a kabri is normally eaten from by lifting it; a palta is not] /=/ kabri * washes, x1 (agent) washes/cleanses x2 of soil/contaminant x3 in/with cleaning material(s) x4 /:/ [agentless washing/cleansing (= cuvbi'o, jisybi'o)] /=/ lumci (lum lu'i) * bread, x1 is a quantity of/contains bread [leavened or unleavened] made from grains x2 /:/ /=/ nanba (nab) * plate, x1 is a plate/dish/platter/saucer [flat/mildly concave food service bed] made of material x2 /:/ /=/ palta * sponge, x1 is a quantity of/contains/is made of sponge/porous material /:/ [also metaphorically used for coral, Swiss cheese] /=/ panje * slice, x1 is a slice [thin flat portion] of x2 (mass) /:/ /=/ panlo (pa'o) * drinks, x1 (agent) drinks/imbibes beverage/drink/liquid refreshment x2 from/out-of container/source x3 /:/ /=/ pinxe (pix) * thirsts for, x2 of: x1 thirsts for x2; x1 needs/wants drink/fluid/lubrication x2 /:/ /=/ taske * spoon, x1 is a spoon/scoop (tool) for use x2, made of material x3 /:/ /=/ smuci (muc) * soup, x1 is a quantity of soup/stew/olla/olio of ingredients including x2 /:/ [x2 is in x1, an ingredient/part/component of x1] /=/ stasu * oven, x1 is an oven [enclosure that heats its contents] for baking/heating/drying x2 /:/ /=/ toknu (tok) * located on other side of, x1 is located across/on the other side of gap/boundary x2 from x3; x1 is opposite (fi) x3 /:/ [also: x1 is over there (across/beyond zo'e); directly across/beyond a boundary/gap, generally at the shortest plausible distance on the other side of the boundary] /=/ ragve (rav) * swallows, x1 gulps/swallows /:/ [x1 swallows down [food/drink] x2 (= tulpinxe, tulcti, ctitu'o (the latter two are more general - for food or beverage); swallow/engulf (= galxycti, galxynerbi'o, galxygre] /=/ tunlo (tul tu'o) * taste (flavor), x1 (ka) is a taste/flavor of/emitted by x2; x2 tastes of/like x1 /:/ [also: x2 tastes of seasoning x1, x1 is a seasoned flavor of x2 (= tsapyvu'i)] /=/ vrusi (vus vu'i) * bovine, x1 is a cow/cattle/kine/ox/[bull/steer/calf] [beef-producer/bovine] of species/breed x2 /:/ /=/ bakni (bak) * beer, x1 is made of/contains/is a amount of beer/ale/brew brewed from x2 /:/ /=/ birje * cheese, x1 is a quantity of/contains cheese/curd from source x2 /:/ /=/ cirla * coffee, x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of coffee from source/bean/grain x2 /:/ [brew based on a seed/bean/grain; e.g. also chicory coffee, decaf, postum] /=/ ckafi (kaf) * chicken, x1 is a chicken/[hen/cock/rooster]/small fowl [a type of bird] of species/breed x2 /:/ /=/ jipci * butter, x1 is a quantity of/contains butter/oleo/margarine/shortening from source x2 /:/ [(adjective:) x1 is buttery; an edible fat, solid but spreadable at normal temperatures; dairy butter (= ladmatne)] /=/ matne * sugar, x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of sugar [sweet edible] from source x2 of composition x3 /:/ [also sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose, lactose, etc.; saccharine/aspartame/sugar substitute (sakybasti, basysakta, ticysakta); x3: composition including x3, which need not be complete specification] /=/ sakta (sat) * sugary (sweet tasting), x1 is sweet/sugary/saccharine to observer x2 /:/ /=/ titla (tit) * tea, x1 is made of/contains/is a quantity of tea brewed from leaves x2 /:/ /=/ tcati * button, x1 is a button/knob/[handle] on/for item x2, with purpose x3, made of material x4 /:/ /=/ batke * cloth (fabric), x1 is an amount of cloth/fabric of type/material x2 /:/ /=/ bukpu (buk bu'u) * shirt, x1 is a shirt/blouse/top [upper-body garment - not necessarily sleeved or buttoned], material x2 /:/ /=/ creka (cek) * shoe, x1 is a shoe/boot/sandal for covering/protecting [feet/hooves] x2, and of material x3 /:/ [also boot (= tupcutci)] /=/ cutci (cuc) * pocket, x1 is a pocket/pouch of/in garment/item x2 /:/ /=/ daski * coat, x1 is a coat/jacket/sweater/cloak/[cape/shawl/pullover] [extra outer garment] of material x2 /:/ /=/ kosta (kos) * collar, x1 is a collar/ring/belt/band around/surrounding x2 made of material x3 /:/ [also sphincter] /=/ karli * comb, x1 is a comb [many-needled shape] of material x2 with tines/needles x3 /:/ /=/ komcu (kom) * cap, x1 is a cap/hat/crown/helmet/piece of headgear [head-top garment] of material x2 /:/ /=/ mapku (map) * pants, x1 are pants/trousers/slacks/leggings [legged garment] of material x2 /:/ /=/ palku (pak) * umbrella, x1 is an umbrella/parasol shielding x2 from x3, made of material x4, supported by x5 /:/ /=/ santa * skirt, x1 is a skirt/kilt/dress of material x2; x1 is skirted [garment open at the bottom; not legged] /:/ [a skirted garment may be full length (pastu), but must hang below the waist from support above or at the waist] /=/ skaci * sock, x1 is a sock/stocking [flexible foot and lower leg garment] of material x2 /:/ /=/ smoka (smo) * wear, x1 wear-s/is robed/garbed in x2 as a garment of type x3 /:/ [x2 need not be intended for use as a garment (unlike taxfu)] /=/ dasni (das) * contain, x1 contain-s/holds/encloses/includes contents x2 within; x1 is a vessel contain-ing x2 /:/ [also accommodates, contain-er; contain-ment need not be total; x2 is [contain-ed] in x1 (= selvau for reordered places)] /=/ vasru (vas vau) * brain, x1 is a/the brain [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: intelligence, mental control] /:/ [also cerebral] /=/ besna (ben) * abdomen, x1 is a/the abdomen/belly/lower trunk [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: midsection] /:/ [also stomach (= djaruntyrango)] /=/ betfu (bef be'u) * bone, x1 is a/the bone/ivory [body-part], performing function x2 in body of x3; [metaphor: calcium] /:/ [x2 is likely an abstract: may be structure/support for some body part, but others as well such as the eardrum bones; the former can be expressed as (tu'a le ); cartilage/gristle (= ranbo'u), skeleton (= bo'urgreku)] /=/ bongu (bog bo'u) * blood, x1 is blood/vital fluid of organism x2 /:/ /=/ ciblu (blu) * knee, elbow, x1 is a/the knee/elbow/knuckle [hinged joint, body-part] of limb x2 of body x3 /:/ [metaphor: a sharp bend/curve] /=/ cidni (cid) * chest, x1 is a/the chest/thorax/upper trunk/[rib cage/breast] [body-part] of x2 /:/ /=/ cutne (cut) * tooth, x1 is a/the tooth [body-part] of x2 /:/ (for metaphor: see dakfu, pagre, jgalu) /=/ denci (den de'i) * face, x1 is a/the face [head/body-part] of x2; (adjective:) x1 is facial /:/ /=/ flira (fir) * throat, x1 is a/the throat/gullet [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: narrow(ing) opening of a deep hole] /:/ /=/ galxe * testicle, x1 is a/the testes/ovary/testicle/scrotum/balls/gonad/stamen/pistil [body-part] of x2, gender x3 /:/ [egg/sperm/pollen/gamete producing/bearing organ] /=/ ganti * anus, x1 is a/the anus/anal orifice/asshole/arsehole [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: exit, waste exit] /:/ [also asshole/ass/arsehole; (adjective:) x1 is anal] /=/ ganxo (gax) * womb, x1 is a/the womb/uterus [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: nourishing, protective, giving birth] /:/ /=/ gutra * foot (body part), x1 is a/the foot [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: lowest portion] (adjective:) x1 is pedal /:/ /=/ jamfu (jaf jma) * shoulder, hip x1 is a/the shoulder/hip/joint [body-part] attaching limb/extremity x2 to body x3 /:/ /=/ janco (jan) * claw, x1 is a/the claw/nail/talon [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: pointed, penetrating, physical weapon] /:/ /=/ jgalu (ja'u) * ear, x1 is a/the ear [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: sensory apparatus, information gathering] /:/ [(adjective:) x1 is aural] /=/ kerlo (ker) * eye, x1 is a/the eye [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: sensory apparatus]; (adjective:) x1 is ocular /:/ [x1 is optic] /=/ kanla (kal) * brow, x1 is a/the brow/forehead [projecting flat/smooth head/body-part] of x2 /:/ /=/ mebri (meb) * heart, x1 is a/the heart [body-part] of x2; [emotional/shape metaphors are NOT culturally neutral] /:/ [(adjective:) x1 is cardiac; emotional 'heart' (= cnise'i)] /=/ risna * head, x1 is a/the head [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: uppermost portion] /:/ [skull (= sedbo'u)] /=/ stedu (sed) * thumb, x1 is a/the thumb/big toe [body-part] on limb x2 of x3; [metaphor based on relative shape] /:/ [thumb (specifically the hand = xantamji), big toe (= jmatamji)] /=/ tamji (taj) * tongue (body part), x1 is a/the tongue [body-part] of x2; (metaphor: similar to nazbi, tamji, degji) /:/ [(adjective:) x1 is lingual] /=/ tance (tac) * embryo (fetus), x1 is an embryo/zygote/fetus/fertilized egg with mother x2, and father x3 /:/ /=/ tarbi * body, x1 is a/the body/corpus/corpse of x2; (adjective:) x1 is corporal/corporeal /:/ /=/ xadni (xad) * breast (mammary), x1 is a/the breast/mammary/teat [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: projection providing liquid] /:/ [nipple (= tatyji'o)] /=/ tatru (tat) * leg (body part), x1 is a/the leg [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: supporting branch] /:/ /=/ tuple (tup tu'e) * vulva, x1 is a/the vulva [body-part] of x2 /:/ /=/ vlagi (lag) * sweat (noun), x1 is a/the sweat/perspiration from body x2, excreted by gland(s)/organs x3 /:/ /=/ xasne * buttock, x1 is a/the buttock(s)/arse/rear/seat [body-part] of x2; [metaphor: rounded surface, support] /:/ [also ass, behind, butt] /=/ zargu (zag za'u) * stroke, x1 (agent) stroke-s/rubs/pets x2 with x3 /:/ [pet (= pamsa'e)] /=/ satre (sa'e) * vomits, x1 vomit-s/regurgitates x2; x1 throws x2 up; [violent] digestive expulsion /:/ (x2 is non-gaseous) /=/ vamtu (vat) * breathe, x1 breathe-s/respires x2 [gas] /:/ /=/ vasxu (vax va'u) * predicate relationship, x1 (text) is a predicate relationship/predication with relation x2 among arguments (sequence/set) x3 /:/ [also: x3 are related by relation x2 (= terbri for reordered places)]; (x3 is a set completely specified) /=/ bridi (bri) * structure word, x1 is a structure word of grammatical class x2, with meaning/function x3 in language x4 /:/ [cmavo list, if physical object (= (loi) ma'oste); referring to the mental construct (e.g. propose adding a new cmavo to the cmavo list = ma'orpoi, ma'orselcmi,ma'orselste)] /=/ cmavo (ma'o) * sentence, x1 (text) is a sentence/statement about x2 [topic/subject/predicate/focus] in language x3 /:/ /=/ jufra (juf ju'a) * binary metaphor, x1 is a binary metaphor formed with x2 modifying x3, giving meaning x4 in language x5 /:/ (x2 and x3 are both text or both si'o concept) /=/ tanru (tau) * compound predicate word, x1 (text) is a compound predicate word with meaning x2 and arguments x3 built from metaphor x4 /:/ /=/ lujvo (luv jvo) * word, x1 is a word meaning/causing x2 in language x3; (adjective: x1 is lexical/verbal) /:/ /=/ valsi (val vla) * affix/comining form, x1 is an affix/suffix/prefix/combining-form for word/concept x2, form/properties x3, language x4 /:/ /=/ rafsi (raf) * chooses, x1 chooses/selects x2 [choice] from set/sequence of alternatives x3 (complete set) /:/ [also prefer (= nelcu'a)] /=/ cuxna (cux cu'a) * language, x1 is a/the language/dialect used by x2 to express/communicate x3 (si'o/du'u, not quote) /:/ [also tongue] /=/ bangu (ban bau) * writes, x1 inscribes/write-s x2 on display/storage medium x3 with write-ing implement x4; x1 is a scribe /:/ [also x3 write-ing surface] /=/ ciska (ci'a) * grammar, x1 is the grammar/rules/defining form of language x2 for structure/text x3 /:/ /=/ gerna (gen ge'a) * rolls, x1 rolls/trundles on/against surface x2 rotating on axis/axle x3; x1 is a roller /:/ /=/ gunro (gur gu'o) * come, go x1 come-s/goes to destination x2 from origin x3 via route x4 using means/vehicle x5 /:/ [also travels, journeys, moves, leaves to ... from ...; x1 is a traveller; (x4 as a set includes points at least sufficient to constrain the route relevantly)] /=/ klama (kla) * swims, x1 (agent) swim-s in fluid x2 /:/ /=/ limna (lim) * dives, swoops, x1 dives/swoop-s [manner of controlled falling] to x2 from x3 /:/ /=/ sfubu (sub su'u) * transfer, x1 transfer-s/sends/transmits x2 to/towards receiver x3 from transmitter/origin x4 via means/medium x5 /:/ [also possibly "sharing"; no (complete) alienation from origin is implied]; [x5 carrier] /=/ benji (bej be'i) * carry, x1 carries/hauls/bears/transports cargo x2 to x3 from x4 over path x5; x1 is a carrier/[porter] /:/ [alienation from x2 to x3 is implied] /=/ bevri (bev bei) * climb, x1 climb-s/clambers/creeps/crawls on surface x2 in direction x3 using x4 [limbs/tools] /:/ /=/ cpare (par) * flow, x1 is a current/flow/river of/in x2 flowing in direction to/toward x3 from direction/source x4 /:/ [x1 is a stream of x2; x2 is a fluid [gas or liquid] (= selfle for reordered places); x1 flushes toward x3; flush (= camfle, sukfle)] /=/ flecu (fle) * lift (force), x1 (force) lifts/applies raising/supporting force to x2 at locus x3 in gravity well x4 /:/ [(x1 may be an abstract); verb lift/raise/elevate (= lafmuvgau)] /=/ lafti (laf) * pull, x1 pull-s/tugs/draws/drags x2 by handle/at locus x3 /:/ [gravity (= ka maicpu, mairckupai)] /=/ lacpu (lap cpu) * pushes, x1 [agent] shoves/pushes x2 at locus x3 /:/ [move by pushing/shoving (= ca'ermuvgau)] /=/ catke (ca'e) * moves (general term), x1 (object) moves to destination/receiver x2 [away] from origin x3 over path/route x4 /:/ [also mobile (= co'ermu'u, for the non-specific opposite of immobile); after a muvdu, object is alienated from/no longer at origin (unless physically returned there, per litru or slilu); agentive move (= muvgau, muvzu'e), non-agentive transitive move (= muvri'a), self-propelled (= sezmuvgau), motion of a part of the object (= pagmu'u), having a moving part (= muvypau, muvyselpau); apparent motion (= mlumu'u)] /=/ muvdu (muv mu'u) * returns, x1 (agent) returns x2 to origin/earlier state x3 from x4; x1 moves/gives x2 back to x3 from x4 /:/ [x2 goes back/[retreats] to x3 (= se'ixru for agent self-returning to a previous location/situation: renumber places in the lujvo); (x3 may be a location or a person or an event/situation; the latter may also be expressed with krefu or rapli and a causative like rinka/rikygau)] /=/ xruti (xru) * pass (through), x1 pass-es through/penetrates barrier/medium/portal x2 to destination side x3 from origin side x4 /:/ [pass-ing through in both directions (= rolfargre, pagre ... .i so'ivo'ivo'u (and vice versa))] /=/ pagre (gre) * pass, fissure, cleft x1 is a crack/fissure/pass/cleft/ravine/chasm/[defect/flaw] [shape/form] in x2 /:/ /=/ fenra (fer fe'a) * 0 /=/ no * 1 /=/ pa * 2 /=/ re * 3 /=/ ci * 4 /=/ vo * 5 /=/ mu * 6 /=/ xa * 7 /=/ ze * 8 /=/ bi * 9 /=/ so * at_least /=/ su'o * at_most /=/ su'e * many /=/ so'i * unspecified_value /=/ zo'e * typical_value /=/ zu'i * all /=/ ro * amount_cmavo /=/ ni * and /=/ je * 2nd_conversion /=/ se * 3rd_conversion /=/ te * 4th_conversion /=/ ve * 5th_conversion /=/ xe * structure_word /=/ cmavo * event_cmavo /=/ nu * here /=/ vi * iff /=/ jo * me /=/ mi * not /=/ na * or /=/ ja * quality /=/ ka_cmavo * short_scope /=/ bo * some_x1 /=/ da * end_grouping /=/ kei * mixed_with /=/ joi * some_predicate /=/ bu'a * truth_value /=/ jei * that /=/ ta * that_yonder /=/ tu * there /=/ va * this /=/ ti * type_of /=/ ke * whether /=/ ju * yonder /=/ vu * you /=/ do