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To shape a technology: freedom to develop

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Robert J. Chassell 
bob@gnu.org

http://www.gnu.org

http://www.rattlesnake.com
http://www.teak.cc


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To shape a technology

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software that does what you want

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software that reliable, and secure

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a choice of vendors

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a competitive, free market

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low barriers to entry

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collaboration and sharing

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Plan for talk

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What is open source, free software?

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How did we shape the technology?

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History of free software, briefly


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Plan for talk ...

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The key freedoms: 

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to copy, study, modify, and redistribute

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Lessons learned from metaphor:

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highway, market, library

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Freedom brings what we want

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... and a practical way forward ...



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What is Open Source, 
   Freely Redistributable Software?

    Free software is software 
    to which you have the legal right to
    
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copy
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study 
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modify
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redistribute

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You are forbidden to forbid

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Definition: what is software?

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programs that run a computer itself

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programs that provide you with applications
         
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electronic mail, spreadsheets, electronic 
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commerce, writing, FAXes, Web site creation, 
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research, engineering, image manipulation, 
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networking, telecommunications


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How to shape the technology of software?

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Shape its legal and institutional framework


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How is software made free?

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Use the legal and institutional framework of 
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copyright licensing

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A special copyright license
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GNU General Public License (GPL)

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Other licenses -- not as good

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The GNU General Public License

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More rights
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Forbids you to forbid
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Do everything else

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Reciprocal 
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protects programmers
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protects users


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The key freedoms:

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Your rights to:

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copy   
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study   
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modify    
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redistribute 


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`Free' has two meanings in English

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no visible price
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freedom

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Spanish distinguishes between `gratis' and `libre'.  

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Free software is `libre'

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`Open Source'

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A marketing term for free software

    invented by
    Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens

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Successful phrase....

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However, the term `free software' 
    better conveys the goal of 

        Freedom




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Sales in a free market

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Hence, a low price for free software.

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Don't sell software as such. 

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Sell solutions.


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Originally, all software was free

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Restrictions: 1970s and 1980s

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Copyright for software

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Patents for mathematics

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Creating free software

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In 1984, we started the 

        GNU Project

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Led to

        GNU/Linux


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The key freedoms:

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Your rights to:

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copy   
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study   
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modify    
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redistribute 



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Your right to ...

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Copy:

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Use your own computer, which is 
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your own property, to copy


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Your right to ...

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Study:

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Anyone, even in Brazil or India or Africa, 
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can study great code

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Requires that software be available 
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as humanly readable source code

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Your right to ...

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Modify:

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Fix or enhance a program, 
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or hire someone to do so

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Requires open source code

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Your right to ...

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Redistribute 

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Charge for, or give away, software

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Consequences: 
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lower costs
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collaboration


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Why write software?

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Hired to solve a problem

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As part of a project  

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Reputation  

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For pleasure!



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Metaphors link new to old

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Apply old experience to new

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Helpful ...

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Not always right ...

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Metaphor: `Information Highway'


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True: you need access

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False: the Internet is outside
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The concept restricts you.

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True: different sized roads, different bandwidths
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True: there are traffic jams ...

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False: that space is limited 
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(allocations are not zero-sum)


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Metaphor: `Electronic Shopping Mall'

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A Place to buy things

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Implication: how to fund it

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Implication: opportunity for theft

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Implication: opportunity for monopoly

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Implication: needs regulation

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Implication: requires freedom


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Metaphor: `Great Library'

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Implications:

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Budget: re-use same information

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Social: a few highly popular topics

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Freedom: a vast range of unexpected inquiries

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Personal: learn, perhaps avoid, 
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the mistakes of others



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Metaphors tell us about the Internet

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Avoid potholes and weak bridges:
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reliability

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Avoid highwaymen:
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security
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1024 bit encryption



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Metaphors tell us ...

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Markets require trust

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Markets require freedom


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Library metaphors tell us ...

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People want to learn the oddest things ...

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People want freedom


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Lessons from other technologies 
applied to software

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Want: reliability, efficiency.  

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Want: security, trust  privacy, empowerment

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All flow from the freedom 
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to create software



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Freedom brings

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reliabilty

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people can and do fix problems

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Many eyes make all bugs shallow.

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fewer mistakes, misunderstandings, missing code


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Freedom brings
    
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efficiency

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use less expensive hardware, 
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such as older or less capable machines, 
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for same results

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use software you can fix, customize, 
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enhance, and extend

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use frugal standards



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Freedom brings

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security

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avoid foolish vulnerabilities

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fix holes immediately




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Freedom brings

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choice of vendors

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you can hire whomever you want


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Freedom brings

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low barriers to entry

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you are permitted to use the code
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as vendor
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as user

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you can start a company

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sales and profits come from 
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satisfying customers legally



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Legal right to start a business

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Not forbidden

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Success depends on satisfying your customers


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Policing: 

prevent copying software

prevent using software

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`License Compliance'

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Expensive

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Unpleasant


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Sharing free software

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Permitted

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Legal


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Good governance

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law abiding is best for

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legal

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moral

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practical reasons

People want their neighbors to be 
  law abiding and honest!




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Freedom brings

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the freedom to share

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you have the legal right to help 

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you have the legal right to collaborate



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Freedom brings

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empowerment

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you win, when you are encouraged to study

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you win, when you are encouraged to modify


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Empower people previously kept out.






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Freedom brings

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a world in which software does what you want

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the right to create your own
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or to hire someone
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or to find another's work


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Freedom does not always bring software ...

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inadaquate accounting software ...

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no double entry bookkeeping, as yet ...

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but spreadsheets are here



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Freedom does succeed automatically

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Success:
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inexpensive email in East Timor
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medical information management in Guatamala
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international project leadership from Mexico

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Failure:
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often, people use limited tools 
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from which they cannot learn.

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Need education and action.

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Projects?

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Indonesia: 120,000 phone shops to Internet?

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India: use of spare cabling on railways?

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Argentina: one million PCs?

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Many more opportunities?


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Conclusions

Opportunity depends on  the 
    legal right to:

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copy   
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study   
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modify    
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redistribute 

software under a free license.

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Freedom is Key

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Freedom leads to:
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collaboration
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lower prices
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reliability
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efficiency
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security
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fewer barriers to entry 
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fewer barriers to use 
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more opportunities